Thaddeus Kosciuszko

Role: Continental Army Engineer

# Greene Begins Siege of Ninety Six By the spring of 1781, the American Revolution in the Southern states had entered a decisive and deeply complex phase. After a series of devastating defeats — including the fall of Charleston in 1780 and the rout of American forces at Camden — the Continental Congress had appointed Major General Nathanael Greene to command the Southern Department. Greene, a Rhode Islander widely regarded as one of George Washington's most capable and trusted generals, inherited a shattered army and a war-torn landscape. Rather than seek a single decisive battle against the main British force under Lord Cornwallis, Greene adopted a brilliant strategy of dividing his smaller force and methodically striking at the chain of British outposts that stretched across South Carolina. His goal was not necessarily to win every engagement but to wear down British strength and reclaim territory, post by post, for the Patriot cause. By May 1781, after engagements at Guilford Courthouse, Hobkirk's Hill, and the successful sieges of Forts Watson and Motte, Greene turned his attention to one of the most remote and stubbornly held British positions in the Carolina backcountry: the fortified village of Ninety Six. Ninety Six, so named according to tradition because it was believed to be ninety-six miles from the Cherokee town of Keowee, had been a significant settlement and trading hub long before the war. The British had transformed it into a formidable military stronghold, anchored by the Star Fort — an earthen fortification with pointed salients that allowed defenders to direct fire along multiple angles. The post was garrisoned by approximately 550 Loyalist troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Harris Cruger, a capable and determined New York-born Loyalist officer who had proven himself a resourceful leader. Cruger's garrison was composed primarily of Loyalist provincials, men who were fighting not for a distant king in the abstract but for their own communities and convictions, lending a particularly fierce character to the defense. Nathanael Greene arrived before Ninety Six on May 22, 1781, with roughly 1,000 Continental soldiers and militia. Recognizing that a direct assault against the well-constructed Star Fort would be costly and potentially catastrophic, Greene ordered formal siege operations — a methodical approach that relied on engineering skill rather than frontal violence. He entrusted the direction of these works to Thaddeus Kosciuszko, a Polish-born military engineer who had volunteered his services to the American cause years earlier. Kosciuszko had already distinguished himself by designing the defenses at Saratoga that contributed to the pivotal American victory there in 1777. Now, at Ninety Six, he directed the construction of approach parallels — zigzagging trenches that allowed besiegers to advance toward a fortification while remaining shielded from enemy fire — along with supporting siege works designed to tighten the noose around Cruger's garrison. Cruger, however, refused to be a passive defender. Recognizing the threat posed by Greene's siege lines and anticipating the construction of a Maham tower — a tall log structure from which American riflemen could fire down into the fort's interior, a tactic Greene's forces had recently employed with success at Fort Watson — Cruger immediately ordered his men to build a sandbag parapet atop the Star Fort's existing earthworks. This improvised elevation raised the defensive walls high enough to shield his soldiers from plunging fire, demonstrating the kind of tactical ingenuity that would make Ninety Six one of the most tenacious defenses of the entire war. The siege that began on May 22 would stretch on for nearly a month, becoming the longest siege of the Revolutionary War. It would test Greene's patience, Kosciuszko's engineering, and Cruger's resolve in equal measure. Though Greene would ultimately be forced to withdraw when British reinforcements approached under Lord Rawdon, the siege of Ninety Six exemplified the broader strategic reality of the Southern campaign: Greene was losing battles but winning the war. Each British outpost that had to be reinforced or abandoned shrank the Crown's hold on the interior. Within weeks of Greene's withdrawal, the British themselves evacuated Ninety Six, conceding the backcountry to the Patriots. In this way, the siege contributed directly to the unraveling of British control in the South, setting the stage for the final acts of the war that would culminate at Yorktown later that same year.