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British officer who participated in the Paoli attack and recorded it in his journal as a tactical success. André would later become infamous for his role in Benedict Arnold's treason and was hanged as a spy in 1780.

Chester County-born general whose division was surprised at Paoli. Wayne demanded and received a court-martial to clear his reputation, which acquitted him with honor. He went on to become one of Washington's most aggressive commanders, earning the nickname "Mad Anthony."

British general who planned and executed the surprise bayonet attack at Paoli. His order to remove flints from muskets earned him the nickname "No-Flint Grey." The attack was tactically brilliant but its aftermath — real or alleged killing of surrendering men — made him a villain in American memory.

Wife of Anthony Wayne who managed the family's Waynesborough estate in Chester County while her husband served with the army. Like many officers' wives, she ran a complex agricultural operation alone for years, receiving intermittent letters and uncertain news.

Commanded a regiment under Wayne at Paoli and helped organize the defense during the surprise attack. Hartley's regiment suffered significant casualties but maintained enough order to cover the retreat of Wayne's division.

Commanded a Pennsylvania regiment at Paoli and was severely wounded in the bayonet attack. His regiment bore some of the heaviest casualties, and his survival was considered fortunate given the ferocity of the assault on his position.

Lancaster officer who served at Paoli and recorded the experience in his journal. His account is one of the most detailed firsthand descriptions of the attack, documenting the confusion of being awakened by bayonet-wielding soldiers in darkness.

Pennsylvania officer who wrote vivid letters describing the aftermath of the Paoli attack, including his account of finding bayoneted bodies of men who appeared to have been trying to surrender. His correspondence helped shape the "massacre" narrative.